GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Waitea circinata var. zeae IN SOUTH CAROLINA REVEALED BY AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (AFLP)
Abstract
Rhizoctonia zeae (Waitea circinata var. zeae) is pathogenic to rice (Oniki et al., 1985); corn (Sumner and Bell, 1982); onion (Erper et al., 2006); sugarbeet (Kuznia and Windels, 1994); wheat and barley (Ogoshi et al., 1990) and tall fescue (Martin and Lucas, 1983). Waitea circinata var. zeae also causes foliar lesions on bermuda grass, creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass (Burpee and Martin, 1992; Hsiang and Dean, 2001) during midsummer. Diseases of turfgrass caused by these pathogens occur most frequently during the warm and humid season, at temperatures between 28 and 36°C, inciting leaf and sheath spot (Burpee and Martin, 1992; Smiley et al., 1992).
Waitea circinata (Warcup and Talbot) classified into three varieties, W. circinata var. circinata, W. circinata var. oryzae and W. circinata var. zeae based on differences in the colony morphology of the vegetative state (Gunnell, 1986). Waitea circinata var. circinata forms orange to dark brown, globose sclerotia up to 2 mm in diameter; W. circinata var. oryzae forms orange to salmon, irregularly shaped sclerotia; and W. circinata var. zeae forms orange to brown, regularly shaped sclerotia up to 1 mm in diameter (Leiner and Carling, 1994). Rhizoctonia zeae was assigned to Waitea anastomosis group WAG-Z (Oniki et al., 1985).
Previous studies have examined genetic variation of these three varieties at molecular level. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed that isolates of W. circinata var. circinata, W. circinata var. oryzae and W. circinata var. zeae separated into individual clusters (Toda et al., 2005). These results confirmed by using sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA (de la Cerda et al., 2007; Toda et al., 2007).
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a genetic mapping technique based on selective amplification of a subset of restriction enzyme-digested DNA fragments to create a unique fingerprint for a particular genome (Vos et al., 1995). It is highly reproducible and amenable to a wide range of applications and DNA sources. For these reasons, the method has steadily gained popularity in applications, including genetic mapping (Mueller and Wolfenbarger, 1999; Savelkoul et al., 1999), medical diagnostics (Klaassen et al., 2002; Borst et al., 2003; van den Braak et al., 2004), genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies (Tredway et al., 1999; Bakkeren et al., 2000; Doignon-Bourcier et al., 2000; Rademaker et al., 2000; Mougel et al., 2002; Lee et al.,2004) and environmental management studies (Lucchini, 2003).
The similarities within each variety of W. circinata were very high, but similarities were significantly lower between varieties by using rDNA-ITS region (Toda et al., 2007). In this study, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to examine the genetic diversity of field population of W. circinata var. zeae.
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