Characterization and Expression of Abscisic aAid Inducible Gene(s) in Wild Legumes
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant growth hormone, is synthesized through the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (Xiong et al., 2002). In 1963, the role of abscisic acid was first identified and characterized by Addicott et al. (1968). ABA plays a key role in many physiological and developmental processes such as water relations, seed dormancy and germination (Kermode, 2005). Environmental challenges such as freezing, water stress caused by either high osmotic, salt or drought and wounding increase endogenous ABA levels in plant cells (Thaler and Bostock, 2004). Content of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) is increased in rice plants under salt stress (Seo et al., 2005).
Vicia villosa is one of the Vicia sp. found in the north coastal region of Egypt, as well-known desert with its difficult climate. So, it is considered a good genetic pool for studying and isolating stress-related genes. This species is a weak-stemmed climbing annual and winter active legume (Aly and Hassan, 1993).
Differential display (DD), first described by Liang & Pardee (1992), is one of the methods for analyzing gene expression in eukaryotic cells and tissues. DD has been widely applied to study changes in mRNA expression induced by temporal developments, biotic and abiotic factors (Eissa et al., 2007) and with ABA treatment (Bethke et al., 2006; Mochida et al., 2006). Aghoram et al. (2000) isolated a novel gene (abg1) by differential display RT-PCR from guard cells of Vicia faba (L.) incubated with 5 µM S(+)-ABA for 1 h. This technique simultaneously screens for both upand down-regulated transcripts in multiple cell populations under different developmental and environmental conditions.
The aim of the present work was to examine the differential expression of Vicia villosa shoots transcripts under abscisic acid treatment. It focused on isolating and cloning down- or up- regulated ESTs and determining their functions using bioinformatics approaches.
References
Addicott, F. T., J. L. Lyon, K. Ohkuma, W. E. Thiessen, H. R. Carns, O. E. Smith, J. W. Cornforth, B. V. Milborrow, G. Ryback and P. F. Wareing (1968). Abscisic acid: A new name for abscisin II (dormin). Science, 159: 1493.
Aghoram, K., W. H., Jr. Outlaw, G. W. Bates, J. Cairney, A. O. Pineda, C.M. Bacot, L. M. Epstein and C. W. Levenson (2000). Abg1: a novel gene up-regulated by abscisic acid in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51: 1479-1480.
Altschul, S. F., T. L. Madden, A. A. Schäffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller and D. J. Lipman (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 3389-3402.
Aly, A. and M. TH. Hassan (1993). Atlas of legume plants of the north-west coast region of Egypt.
Anderson, J. P., E. Badruzsaufari, P. M. Schenk, J. M. Manners, O. J. Desmond, C. Ehlert, D. J. Maclean, P. R. Ebert and K. Kazan (2004). Antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jas- monate-ethylene signaling pathways modulates defense gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 16: 3460-3479.
Bethke, P. C., Y. S. Hwang, T. Zhu and R. L. Jones (2006). Global patterns of gene expression in the aleurone of wild-type and dwarf1 mutant rice. Plant Physiol., 140: 484-498.
Bressan, R. A., M. G. Murray, J. M. Galeand and C. W. Ross (1978). Properties of pea seedling uracil phosphoribosyltransferase and its distribution in other plants [pinto beans, soybeans, cereals]. Plant Physiol., 61: 442-446.
Caldovic, L. and M. Tuchman (2003). N-acetylglutamate and its changing role through evolution. Biochem. J., 372: 279-290.
Callard, D., B. Lescure and L. Mazzolini (1996). A method or the elimination of false positives generated by mRNA differentially display technique. Biotechniques, 16: 1096-1103.
Chen, W., N. J. Provart, J. Glazebrook, F. Katagiri, H.-S. Chang, T. Eulgem, F. Mauch, S. Luan, et al. (2002). Expression profile matrix of Arabidopsis transcription factor genes suggests their putative functions in response to environmental stresses. Plant Cell, 14: 559-574.
Eissa, H. F. O. M. Saleh and W. E. Dyer (2007). Genomic characterization of stress-related genes from wild barley. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol., 36: 1-23.
Fiehn, O., S. Kloska and T. Altmann (2001). Integrated studies on plant biology using multiparallel techniques. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12: 82-86.
Grene, R. (2002). Oxidative stress and acclimation mechanisms in plants. In The Arabidopsis Book, C.R. Somerville and E.M. Meyerowitz, eds (Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Biologists).
He, Y. and S. Gan, (2004). A novel zincfinger protein with a proline-rich domain mediates ABA-regulated seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol., 54: 1-9.
Houde, M., M. Belcaid, F. Ouellet, J. Danyluk, A. F. Monroy, A. Dyranova, P. Gulick, A. Bergeron, et al. (2006). Wheat EST resources for functional genomics of abiotic stress. BMC Genomics, 7: 149.
Imanaka, H., A. Yamatsu, T. Fukui, H. Atomi and T. Imanaka (2006). Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase plays an essential role for glycolysis in the modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway in Thermococcus kodakarensis. Molecular Microbiology, 61: 898-909.
Islam, M., H. Kim, S. W. Kang, J. S. Kim, Y. M. Jeong, H. J. Hwang, S. Y. Lee, J. C. Woo and S. G. Kim (2007). Functional characterization of a gene encoding a dual domain for uridine kinase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol., 63: 465-477.
Kermode, A. R. (2005). Role of abscisic acid in seed dormancy. J. Plant Growth Regulation, 24: 319-344.
Kim, J. C. S. H. Lee, Y. H. Cheong, C. M. Yoo, S. I. Lee, H. J. Chun, D. J. Yun, et al. (2001). A novel cold-inducible zinc finger protein from soybean, SCOF-1, enhances cold tolerance in transgenic plants. Plant J., 25: 247-259.
Kim, S. H., J. K. Hong, S. C. Lee, K. H. Sohn, H. W. Jung and B. K. Hwang (2004). CAZFP1, Cys2/ His2-type zinc-finger transcription factor gene functions as a pathogen-induced early-defense gene in Capsicum annuum. Plant Mol. Biol., 55: 883-904.
Knight, H. and M. R. Knight (2001). Abiotic stress signaling pathway: specificity and cross-talk. Trends Plant Sci., 6: 262-267.
Krishna, S. S., I. Majumdar and N. V. Grishin (2003). Structural classification of zinc fingers. Nucleic Acids Res., 31: 532-550.
Leonhardt, N., J. M. Kwak, N. Robert, D. Waner, G. Leonhardt and J. I. Schroeder (2004). Microarray expression analyses of Arabidopsis guard cells and isolation of a recessive abscisic acid hypersensitive protein phosphatase 2C mutant. Plant Cell, 16: 596-615.
Liang, P. and A. B. Pardee (1992). Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science, 257: 967-971.
Macherel, D., A. Benamar, M. H. l. Avelange Macherel and D. Tolleter (2007). Function and stress tolerance of seed Mitochondria. Physiologia Plantarum, 129: 233-241.
Marc, F., P. Weigel, C. Legrain, Y. Almeras, M. Santrot, N. Glansdorff and V. Sakanyan (2000). Characterization and kinetic mechanism of mono- and bifunctional ornithine acetyltransferases from thermophilic micro-organisms. Eur. J. Biochem., 267: 5217-5226.
Mauch-Mani, B. and F. Mauch (2005). The role of abscisic acid in plant–pathogen interactions. Current Opinion Plant Biology, 8: 409-414.
Meng, X. B., W. S. Zhao, R. M. Lin, M. Wang and Y. L. Peng (2006). Molecular cloning and characterization of a rice blast-inducible RING-H2 type Zinc finger gene. The Journal of Sequencing and Mapping, 17: 41-48.
Mochida, K., K. Kawaura, E. Shimosaka, N. Kawakami, T. Shin, Y. Kohara, Y. Yamazaki and Y. Ogihara (2006). Tissue expression map of a large number of expressed sequence tags and its application to in silico screening of stress response genes in common wheat. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 276: 304-312.
Moffatt, B. A., P. S. Summers, J. D. Snider, M. l. Drebenstedt, K. J. Alexander and E. A. Weretilnvk (2001). Maintaining methylation activities during salt stress. The involvement of adenosine kinase. Plant Physiol., 125: 856-865.
Mohr, P. G. and D. M. Cahill (2003). Abscisic acid influences the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato and Peronospora parasitica. Funct. Plant Biol., 30: 461-469.
Moons, A., R. Valcke and M. Van Montagu (1998). Low-oxygen stress and water deficit induce cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) expression in roots of rice, a C3 plant. The Plant Journal, 15: 89-98.
Rabbani, M. A., K. Maruyama, H. Abe, M. A. Khan, K. Katsura, Y. Ito, K. Yoshiwara, M. Seki, et al. (2003). Monitoring expression profiles of rice genes under cold, drought and high–salinity stresses and abscisic acid application using cDNA microarray and RNA gel-blot analysis. Plant Physiol., 133: 1755-1767.
Roosens, N., E. Hal Bitar, K. Loenders, G. Angenon, and M. Jacobs (2002). Overexpression of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase increases proline biosynthesis and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Mol. Breed., 9: 73-80.
Sakamoto, H., T. Araki, T. Meshi and M. Iwabuchi (2000). Expression of a subset of the Arabidopsis Cys(2)/His(2) type zinc finger protein gene family under water stress. Gene, 248: 23-32.
Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis (1989). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 2 nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Sanger, F., S. Nicklen and A. R. Coulson (1977). Biochemistry DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors (DNA polymerase/ nucleotide sequences/bacteriophage 4X174). Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 5463-5467.
Seo, H. S., S. K. Kim, S. W. Jang, Y. S. Choo, E. Y. Sohn and I. J. Lee (2005). Effect of jasmonic acid on endogenous gibberellins and abscisic acid in rice under NaCl stress. Biologia Plantarum, 49: 447-450.
Slocum, R. D. (2005). Genes, enzymes and regulation of arginine biosynthesis in plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 43: 729-45.
Takahara, K., K. Akashi, and A. Yokota (2005). Purification and characterization of glutamate N-acetyl-transferase involved in citrulline accumulation in wild watermelon. FEBS Journal, 272: 5353-5359.
Thaler, J. S. and R. Bostock (2004). Interactions between abscisic acid mediated responses and plant resistance to pathogens and insects. Ecology, 85: 48-58.
Verbruggen, N., X. J. Hua, M. May and M. Van Montagu (1996). Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: evidence for negative transcriptional regulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 8787-8789.
Xiong, L., H. Lee, M. Ishitani and J. K. Zhu (2002). Regulation of osmotic stress-responsive gene expression by the LOS6/ABA1 locus in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem., 277: 8588-8596.
