Molecular, Morphological and Histological Differentiation Between The Lesser Pumpkin Fly, Dacus ciliatus (Loew) and The Greater Pumpkin Fly, Dacus frontalis Becker
Abstract
Both of the lesser pumpkin fly, Da- cus ciliatus (Loew) and the greater pumpkin fly, Dacus frontalis Becker are belonging to order Diptera family Tephri- tidae (Typetidae or Trupaneidae) a group of about 4000 known species, nearly about 80% of which have larvae develop in the seed bearing organs (flowers or fruits) of higher plants, and therefore known as fruit flies (White, 2000). The fruit flies in Egypt are not well known and the only comprehensive treatments are now very old, like Efflatoun (1924). D. ciliatus was recorded as a serious pest on cucurbitaceae since 1947 by Azab and Kira (1954), continued nearly till 1980 and disappeared then appeared again after 25 years in Egypt (Fetoh, 2003). The greater pumpkin fly, D. frontalis recorded in Egypt only by foreign scientists like Munro (1984), White (2000) and Carrol et al. (2002), In 1992 D. frontalis was rec- orded for first time as a serious pest on cucurbitaceous plants in Libya (Abo- Geshem et al., 2003). Recently, Fetoh and Hegab (2007) recorded D. frontalis as a pest on cucurbitaceae.
Both flies are serious pests that cause high loss in yield and cause damage sometimes reached 100%. According EPPO (2009) both species could be arranged as highly serious agricultural quarantine pests under rank A1. Generally, accurate identifica- tion of insect species is essential, espe- cially in the sibling species, in order to give right information for ecology, biolo- gy and control methods also in quarantine restrictions (Drew and Hancock 1994). Molecular biology as a new approach helps to classify and control pests in clear, easy and quick manner. The main objec- tive of the present work is differentiating between both of the lesser pumpkin fly, D. ciliatus and the greater pumpkin fly, D. frontalis by comparative taxonomy throughout molecular characterizations and variations in protein using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel elec- trophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and esterase profile using electrophoresis (EST- PAGE) as well as morphological charac- ters and histological sections to facilitate identification methods, control measures and the agricultural quarantine applications.
References
Abo-Geshem, N., A. Alktaa, T. Ben Hus- sein, S. Al-Shreif and E. El-Kadi (2003). The greater melon fly, Da- cus frontalis Becker. Researches Centre of Biotechnology, Tripoli, Libya, 22pp.
Ahmed, A. T. (1985). Protein variation and taxonomy in the genus Gerbil- lus (Mammalia,Rodentia). Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Sci, Cairo Univ., Egypt, 108 P.
Azab, A. K. and M. T. Kira (1954). The cucurbit fly, Dacus. ciliatus (Loew) in Egypt. Soc. Foad 1st d Ent, Bull., 30: 379-382.
Carrol, L. E., I. White, A. Friedberg, A. Norrbom, M. Dallwitz and F. Thompson (2002). The Fruit Flies of the World: Descriptions, Illu- strations, Identification, and In- formation Retrieval. Version: 8th August 2002. http://ww.sel.barc. usda.gov/Diptera/tephriti/pests/ adults.
Drew, R. A. and D. L. Hancock (1994). Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Daccinae) in Asia. Bull. Ent. Res., 2: 68.
Efflatoun, H. C. (1924). A monograph of Egyptian Diptera, part II. Fam. Typaneidae. Mem. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 2: 1-132.
EPPO (2009). The European Plant Protec- tion Organization. http:// www.eppo.org.
Fetoh, B. E. A. (2003). The pumpkin fly, Dacus ciliatus (Loew) as new and ancient pest in Egypt. The Agric. Magazine, 46: 54-55.
Fetoh, B. E. A. (2005). Molecular and modern taxonomy of Dacus (=Bactrocera) spp. (Diptera: Teph- ritidae) attacking vegetables in Egypt. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., (48E) 7: 1-21.
Fetoh, B. E. A. and M. F. Hegab (2007). Biological and Morphological As- pects of The Greater Melon Fly, Dacus frontalis Becker (Dipte- ra:Tephritidae) Found Recently in Egypt. The Second International Conference of Economic Ento- mology Cairo, Egypt, (7-11Dec.) 199-204.
Hassanian, N. and N. Rabie (2003). Mo- lecular characterization of Pseu- domonas aeruginosa isolates from human and chicken sources. Egypt. J. Vet. Med. Assoc., 63: 249-262.
Haymer, D. S. and D. McInnis ( 1994). Resolution of populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) at the DNA level using random primers. Ge- nome, 37: 244-248
Hitchcock, P. J. and T. M. Brown (1983). Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccha- ride types in Silver-stained poly acylamide gels. J. Bacterial, 154:269-277.
Khan, F., A. Rattan, I. Khan and A. Kalia (1996). A preliminary study of fin- gerprinting of Pseudomonas aeru- ginosa by whole cell protein anal- sis by SDS-PAGE. Ind. J. Med. Res., 104: 342-348.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the as- sembly of the head bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-685.
Lowry, O. H., C. S. Rosebrough and R. J. Randall, (1951). Protein measure- ment with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
Malan, E. M. and G. J. H. Iliomee (1969). Morphology and descriptions of the larvae of three species of Daci- nae (Diptera: Trypetidae). J. Ent. Soc. South Africa, 23: 259-271.
Munro, H. K. (1984). A taxonomic trea- tise on the Dacidae (Tephritidae, Diptera) of Africa. Entomology Memoir, Depatment of Agriculture and Water Supply, South Africa, No.31:xi+313pp.
Nei, M. and W. Li (1979). Mathematical model for studying genetic varia- tion in terms of restriction endo- nucleasea, Proc. Na. Acad. Sci. USA, 76: 5269-5273.
Nilima, P., L. Coudriet and B. Megerdirk (1987). Discrimination of three white fly species (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by electrophoresis of non-specific esterases. J. Appl. Ent., 103: 447-451.
Sims, M. (1965). Methods for detection of enzymatic activity after electroph- roesis on polyacrylamide gel in Drosophila species. Nature, 207: 757-758.
White, I. M. (2000). Identification of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saund.) in the Eastera Mediterra- nean, The natural History Museun, London, UK. 21p.
Zhijian,T., N. B. David and H. H. Herry (1997). Vitellin of the sweet potato white fly, Bemisia tabaci : Bio- chemical characterization and titer changes in the adult. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 34: 223-237.
