Cytological and Molecular Characterization of Some Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) be- longs to Poaceae family. Ninety-
five percent of wheats grown today are of the hexaploid type comprising three ge- nomes A, B and D. Each of these ge- nomes has seven chromosome pairs. The remaining 5% is durum (Triticum turgidum L., var. durum) tetraploid wheat (Heun et al., 1997). The genomic formula of 2n=6x=42, AABBDD is believed to have been arisen as a result of allo- hexaploid between an AABB tetraploid, Triticum turgidum and with DD diploid genome, Aegilops squarrosa (Triticum tauschii) and the AA genome of hexap- loid wheats has its origin from Triticum urartu, (Miller, 1987; Jahan and Vahidy, 1989). The wheat genome is 17000 Mb (Hartl and Jones, 2001).
The Karyotype analysis of plant chromosomes has various applications in plant systematic, cultivars identification and breeding purposes (Hussein, 2005; Fregonezi et al., 2006; Chengqi, 2008). It includes the measurements of chromo-
somes i.e., total chromosome length, chromosome area, centromeric position, presence of satellites and long /short arm ratio (Fukui, 1988).
Biochemical evidences such as seed storage protein electrophoresis and isozyme polymorphisms are convenient evidences for assessing genetic relation- ships and identification of different culti- vars (Nour El-Din et al., 2004; Simova- Stoilova et al., 2006).
The nonanchored ISSR (Inter Sim- ple Sequence Repeats) markers are used for DNA fingerprinting and assessing the genetic diversity in Poaceae (Bornet and Branchard, 2004; Pharmawati et al. 2005; Bhuyan et al., 2007), The ISSR-PCR markers are arbitrary multiloci markers produced by PCR amplification with a microsatellite primers. They are advanta- geous because no prior genomic informa- tion is required for their use and the tech- nique is stable across a wide range of PCR parameters (Sivolap and Trbel'skiie, 2001; Du et al., 2002; Hou et al., 2005; Sofaliani et al., 2008).
In the present study, the genetic diversity of six wheat cultivars was inves- tigated based on karyotype analysis, α- esterase and peroxidase polymorphisms, seed storage protein electrophoresis and ISSR markers and the genetic relation- ships between these cultivars was ad- dressed based on both protein and ISSR data and using NTSYS-pc2.0 (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis Sys- tem) software (Rohlf, 1998).
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